INTERNET ORGANIZATION/S

STANDARDS , RFC's and ADMINISTRATION

IAB (Internet Architecture Board)
- IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) > IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group)
- IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)
- ISOC (Internet Society)

DOMAIN NAMES and DNS

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ) > TLD's ICANN Accredited Registrars list
- VeriSign (Registry for the .com and .net and .org internet domains)
- NeuStar (Registry for the .biz and .us internet domains)
- etc.
----------------------------------------- > DNS Root Name Server Operators and Locations
- Network Solutions (root server A)
- PSINet (root server C)
- Internet Software Consortium (root server F)
- etc.

IP/AS NUMBERS ,PORTS and WHOIS

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) >WHOIS
----------------------------------------- > RIR (Regional Internet Registry )
- ARIN (USA Region Whois)
- RIPE (EUrope Region Whois )
- APNIC (Asia & Pacific Region Whois )
- etc.
----------------------------------------- > LIR (Local Internet Registry)
- National Institute for R&D in Informatics - (.ro - Romania Root-Zone Whois)
- Russian Institute for Public Networks - (.ru - Russia Root-Zone Whois)
- etc .

SECURITY VULNERABILITIES and VIRUSES

CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team ) > ISA (Internet Security Alliance)
SANS ( The SANS (SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security) Institute )
GIAC (Global Information Assurance Certification)
MITRE (Private, non-profit corporation)
CIAC (Computer Incident Advisory Capability)
NSS (National Security Solutions Group)


PROGRAMMING and STANDARDS

IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers)
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) >
ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) >
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
Open Group (The Open Group , former OSF(OpenSoftwareFoundation))
PASC (Portable Application Standards Committee)

Network Operations Center (NOC)
Network Access Point (NAP)
Point of Presence (PoP)

CABLING

Network infrastructures/interfaces/layers :

IEEE 802.3
802.3u (Fast Ethernet)
802.3z (Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber)
802.3ab (Gigabit Ethernet over UTP)

RJ-45
straight : Pc - Hub , Pc - Switch , Switch - Router
crossover :Pc - Pc
rollover : Router - Console

UTP Unshielded twisted pair: consists of 4 pairs of wires. Each pair is twisted, to make signals less vulnerable to interference.
FTP Foiled twisted pair: consists of 4 pairs of wires, wrapped in conductive foil that is connected to ground terminals at each connector. This way, the cabling goes through a grounded tunnel, reducing interference by other signals.
STP Shielded twisted pair: consists of 4 pairs of wires, where each pair is wrapped in conductive foil. This completely isolates one pair of wires from the others.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
WWL (Wave Lenght Laser)

SWITCHING

synchronous:
Cut-through (Mac)
- fast forward
- fragment-free (LLC)

asynchronous:
Store-and-forward (Data)

The 5-4-3-2-1 rule
Five segments of network media
Four repeaters or hubs
Three host segments of the network
Two link sections (no hosts)
One large collision domain

Broadcast radiation is the accumulation of broadcast and multicast traffic.

Broadcast storm is a Broadcast radiation state where new network connections cannot be established, and existing connections may be dropped

Buffering
-port based
-shared

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) RFC 1008

ADDRESSING

MAC broadcast
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

All Intermediate Systems
09-00-2B-00-00-05

AllEndSystems
09-00-2B-00-00-04

unicast (one), broadcast (all), multicast (some), and anycast (closest)

255.255.255.255 all hosts on the local subnet

128.128.255.128 all networks
128.128.128.255 all hosts broadcast
128.128.0.128 this network
128.128.128.0 this host

CLASS BASED ADDRESSING
<network number><host number>

CLASSLESS ADDRESSING
<network number><<subnet number><host number>>

SUBNETTING
-static
-variable length

extended-network prefix -> netmask = (binary -> dec of network portion ) extended-network prefix# - network prefix#
/27->254.254.254.224 27-24=3 11100000->224
netmask -> extended-network prefix = (dec -> binary of network portion ) + network prefix#
254.254.254.224->/27 224->11100000 3+24=27

(2 power of borrowed bits) – 2 = usable subnets
(23) – 2 = 6
(2 power of remaining host bits) – 2 = usable hosts
(25) – 2 = 30

The broadcast address(broadcast id) for Subnet # = the base address(subnetwork id)(home subnetwork)(subnet address) for next Subnet - 1
The base address of subnet zero is the same as the major network number

Total subnets = 2 to the power of the bits borrowed
Total hosts= 2 to the power of the bits remaining
Usable subnets = 2 to the power of the bits borrowed minus 2
Usable hosts= 2 to the power of the bits remaining minus 2

Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) RFC 1009

ROUTING

ROUTED - IP IPX DECnet AppleTalk Banyan VINES XNS

UNROUTED- MAC NetBEUI

Reliable Transaction Router (RTR)
Area Border Router (ABR)
Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR)
Area Border Router - Autonomous System Border Router (ABR-ASBR)

AS (Autonomous Systems)
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) RFC 1517-1520
Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) RFC 2992

PROTOCOLS

Standards (STD's)

TCP
FTP, HTTP, SMTP, and DNS.
UDP
DNS, TFTP, SNMP, and DHCP.

VLAN

80/20 is old rule 20/80 is new , lan/backbone
99.999 rule 5.25 min/year or 1h/4000 days

Topology:
-STP
-RSTP

Membership:
-static
--port based
-dynamic
--MAC based
--IP based
-- Protocol based

Encapsulation :
-ISL
-IEEE 802.1Q

Frame :
-filtering (fast)
-tagging (ISL,IEEE 802.1Q,SILS,LANE)

Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) IEEE 802.1d
Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol (RSTP) IEEE 802.1w
Vlan Trunking Protocol (VTP) Cisco
Inter Switch Link (ISL) Cisco
Standards for Interoperable LAN/MAN Security (SILS) IEEE 802.10
Ethernet LAN Emulation over ATM (LANE)

WAN

standards and protocols WAN L1 OSI * EIA/TIA-232 * EIA/TIA-449 * V.24 * V.35 * X.21 * G.703 * EIA-530 * ISDN * T1, T3, E1, and E3 * xDSL * SONET (OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, OC-192) * High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) WAN L2 OSI * High-level data link control (HDLC) * Frame Relay * Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) * Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) * Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) * ATM * LAPM (Link Access Procedure for Modems) * LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) * LAPD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel) * LAPF (Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay) WAN L3 OSI * X.25 * Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

DLCI (Data-LinkControl Identifier)
SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit)
PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit)
NTU (Network Terminating Unit)
CSU/DSU (Channel Dervice Unit/Data Service Unit)
TDM (Time Division Multiplexer/Multiplexing)
DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer)

NETWORK MATH

Base 2 binary 0,1
Base 10 decimal 0-9
Base 16 hexadecimal 0-9 A-F.

binary -> decimal = (128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1)
binary -> hexadec = (128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1) + decimal - hexadec
decimal -> binary = (logic schema)
decimal -> hexadec = ( /16 whole remainder)
hexadec -> binary = (*16 whole+remainder) + (logic schema)
hexadec -> decimal = (*16 whole+remainder)

IOS COMMANDS